PMC

Comparison between requested temperature and strain-based temperature during PID control of hyperthermia (A) without motion and (B) in the presence of 2-D periodic motion with different displacements.

Temperature performance measurement of concrete: (a) measured internal temperature of concrete versus time in two different ways; and (b) comparison between testing under temperature control and without temperature control.

Bland-Altman plot of difference between rectal body temperature and ear body, rectal surface or ear body temperature (°F) versus average of these measures from all measurement data (a), control environmental temperature group (b), and ambient environmental temperature group (c), respectively.

a, Schematic of human body temperature self-regulation mechanism. When body temperature increases, human body perspires to cool down its own temperature, which leads to reduction or suspension of perspiration in reverse. b, Schematic of the artificial sweating skin platform with feedback control loop simulating human body temperature self-regulation mechanism. c, Schematic of the detailed structure of the artificial sweating skin. The schematic in the red dash box shows the working mechanism of the modified Janus-type wicking layer which realizes uniform sweating mimicking human skin sweating scenario. d, Measurement results of skin temperature and sweating rate for bare skin, i-Cool (Cu) and commercial textiles (skin power density: 750 W/m², ambient temperature: 22 °C). Insets show the photographs of i-Cool (Cu) and cotton after one-hour stabilization during the tests. Asterisk, Statistical significance of skin temperature and sweating rate between the i-Cool (Cu) and other textiles, Welch’s t-test p < 0.001. e, Measurement results of skin temperature and sweating rate for bare skin, i-Cool (Cu) and other conventional textiles under different skin power densities. Asterisk, Statistical significance of skin temperature and sweating rate between the i-Cool (Cu) and other textiles at 750 W/m², 880 W/m² and 1035 W/m², Welch’s t-test p < 0.001. f, Measured skin temperature and sweating rate at high ambient temperature (40 °C). 750 W/m² power density was applied. Asterisk, Statistical significance of skin temperature and sweating rate between the i-Cool (Cu) and other textiles, Welch’s t-test p < 0.001. g, Measured skin temperature and sweating rate in high relative humidity ambient (~80%). Asterisk, Statistical significance of skin temperature and sweating rate between the i-Cool (Cu) and other textiles, Welch’s t-test p < 0.001. All the error bars represent standard deviation of measured data.